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问答题

No Nobel prize has yet been awarded for the invention of an elixir of life, but the prize itself seems to be one. That, at least, is the conclusion of Matthew Rablen and Andrew Oswald of the University of Warwick, in England【F1】 Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald have just published a study on the university’s working-paper site which concludes that Nobel science laureates live significantly longer than those of their colleagues who were nominated for a prize, but failed to receive one. The theory they were testing was that status per se rather than the trappings of status, such as wealth, act to prolong life. This idea was first promulgated by Sir Michael Marmot, of University College, London. 【F2】 Sir Michael studied the health of British civil servants and discovered, contrary to his and everyone else’s expectations, that those at the top of the hierarchy—whom the stress of the job was expected to have affected adversely—were actually far healthier than the supposedly unstressed officials at the bottom of the heap. Subsequent research has confirmed this result, and suggested it is nothing to do with the larger salaries of those at the top. But Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald thought it would be interesting to refine the observation still further, by studying individuals who were all, in a sense, at the top. By comparing people good enough to be considered for a Nobel, they could measure what the status of having one was worth. 【F3】 Comparing winners and also-rans from within the same countries, to avoid yet another source of bias, Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald found that the winners lived, on average, two years longer than those who had merely been nominated. Exactly what causes this increased longevity is unclear. It is not the cash, though. The inflation-adjusted value of the prize has fluctuated over the years, so the two researchers were able to see if the purchasing power of the money was correlated with longevity. It was not.【F4】 With the hierarchically ordered individuals studied by Sir Michael and his successors, both medical records and experiments on animals suggest stress hormones are involved. It is, indeed, more stressful to be at the bottom than the top, even if being at the top involves making decisions on the fate of nations.【F5】 The result Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald have come up with, though, suggests a positive effect associated with high status, rather than the absence of a negative effect, since unsuccessful nominees never know that they have been nominated.

【F4】
【参考答案】

正确答案：在麦克爵士及其后继者所研究的等级制度森严的人群中，医学记录和在动物身上展开的实验都表明长寿与调控压力的激素有关......

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